7 months ago
17
Data availability
scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data generated in this study are deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus under accession GSE199565. Processed Seurat R objects are available here. Source data are provided with this paper.
Code availability
All analyses were done with custom R scripts and are available upon request using standard R packages. No new algorithms were developed during this study.
References
Kaech, S. M. et al. Selective expression of the interleukin-7 receptor identifies effector CD8+ T cells that give rise to long-lived memory cells. Nat. Immunol. 4, 1191–1198 (2003).
Joshi, N. S. et al. Inflammation directs memory precursor and short-lived effector CD8+ T cell fates via the graded expression of t-bet transcription factor. Immunity 27, 281–295 (2007).
Martin, M. D. & Badovinac, V. P. Defining memory CD8+ T cell. Front. Immunol. 9, 2692 (2018).
Chung, H. K., McDonald, B. & Kaech, S. M. The architectural design of CD8+ T cell responses in acute and chronic infection: Parallel structures with divergent fates. J. Exp. Med. 218, e20201730 (2021).
McLane, L. M., Abdel-Hakeem, M. S. & Wherry, E. J. CD8+ T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection and cancer. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 37, 457–495 (2019).
Im, S. J. et al. Defining CD8+ T cells that provide the proliferative burst after PD-1 therapy. Nature 537, 417–421 (2016).
Utzschneider, D. T. et al. T cell factor 1-expressing memory like CD8+ T cells sustain the immune response to chronic viral infections. Immunity 45, 415–427 (2016).
Blackburn, S. D., Shin, H., Freeman, G. J. & Wherry, E. J. Selective expansion of a subset of exhausted CD8+ T cells by αPD-L1 blockade. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 15016–15021 (2008).
Krishna, S. et al. Stem-like CD8+ T cells mediate response of adoptive cell immunotherapy against human cancer. Science 370, 1328–1334 (2020).
Hudson, W. H. et al. Proliferating transitory T cells with an effector-like transcriptional signature emerge from PD-1+ stem-like CD8+ T cells during chronic infection. Immunity 51, 1043–1058 (2019).
Beltra, J. C. et al. Developmental relationships of four exhausted CD8+ T cell subsets reveals underlying transcriptional and epigenetic landscape control mechanisms. Immunity 52, 825–841 (2020).
Zander, R. et al. CD4+ T cell help is required for the formation of a cytolytic CD8+ T cell subset that protects against chronic infection and cancer. Immunity 51, 1028–1042 (2019).
Paley, M. A. et al. Progenitor and terminal subsets of CD8+ T cells cooperate to contain chronic viral infection. Science 338, 1220–1225 (2012).
Pauken, K. E. et al. Epigenetic stability of exhausted T cells limits durability of reinvigoration by PD-1 blockade. Science 354, 1160–1165 (2016).
Abdel-Hakeem, M. S. et al. Epigenetic scarring of exhausted T cells hinders memory differentiation upon eliminating chronic antigenic stimulation. Nat. Immunol. 22, 1008–1019 (2021).
Yates, K. B. et al. Epigenetic scars of CD8+ T cell exhaustion persist after cure of chronic infection in humans. Nat. Immunol. 22, 1020–1029 (2021).
Sen, D. R. et al. The epigenetic landscape of T cell exhaustion. Science 354, 1165–1169 (2016).
Khan, O. et al. TOX transcriptionally and epigenetically programs CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Nature 571, 211–218 (2019).
Alfei, F. et al. TOX reinforces the phenotype and longevity of exhausted T cells in chronic viral infection. Nature 571, 265–269 (2019).
Scott, A. C. et al. TOX is a critical regulator of tumour-specific T cell differentiation. Nature 571, 270–274 (2019).
Yao, C. et al. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals TOX as a key regulator of CD8+ T cell persistence in chronic infection. Nat. Immunol. 20, 890–901 (2019).
Corces, M. R. et al. Lineage-specific and single-cell chromatin accessibility charts human hematopoiesis and leukemia evolution. Nat. Genet 48, 1193–1203 (2016).
Yoshida, H. et al. The cis-regulatory atlas of the mouse immune system. Cell 176, 897–912 (2019).
Giles, J. R. et al. Human epigenetic and transcriptional T cell differentiation atlas for identifying functional T cell-specific enhancers. Immunity 55, 557–574.e557 (2022).
Wherry, E. J. et al. Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8+ T cell subsets. Nat. Immunol. 4, 225–234 (2003).
Omilusik, K. D. et al. Transcriptional repressor ZEB2 promotes terminal differentiation of CD8+ effector and memory T cell populations during infection. J. Exp. Med. 212, 2027–2039 (2015).
Dominguez, C. X. et al. The transcription factors ZEB2 and T-bet cooperate to program cytotoxic T cell terminal differentiation in response to LCMV viral infection. J. Exp. Med 212, 2041–2056 (2015).
Guan, T. et al. ZEB1, ZEB2, and the miR-200 family form a counterregulatory network to regulate CD8+ T cell fates. J. Exp. Med 215, 1153–1168 (2018).
Masopust, D. & Soerens, A. G. Tissue-resident T cells and other resident leukocytes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 37, 521–546 (2019).
Chen, Z. et al. TCF-1-centered transcriptional network drives an effector versus exhausted CD8+ T cell-fate decision. Immunity 51, 840–855 (2019).
Good, C. R. et al. An NK-like CAR T cell transition in CAR T cell dysfunction. Cell 184, 6081–6100 (2021).
Zheng, L. et al. Pan-cancer single-cell landscape of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Science 374, abe6474 (2021).
Mathewson, N. D. et al. Inhibitory CD161 receptor identified in glioma-infiltrating T cells by single-cell analysis. Cell 184, 1281–1298 (2021).
van Montfoort, N. et al. NKG2A blockade potentiates CD8+ T cell immunity induced by cancer vaccines. Cell 175, 1744–1755 (2018).
Raulet, D. H., Marcus, A. & Coscoy, L. Dysregulated cellular functions and cell stress pathways provide critical cues for activating and targeting natural killer cells to transformed and infected cells. Immunol. Rev. 280, 93–101 (2017).
Huang, A. C. et al. A single dose of neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade predicts clinical outcomes in resectable melanoma. Nat. Med 25, 454–461 (2019).
McMahon, C. W. et al. Viral and bacterial infections induce expression of multiple NK cell receptors in responding CD8+ T cells. J. Immunol. 169, 1444–1452 (2002).
McMahon, C. W. & Raulet, D. H. Expression and function of NK cell receptors in CD8+ T cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13, 465–470 (2001).
Philip, M. et al. Chromatin states define tumour-specific T cell dysfunction and reprogramming. Nature 545, 452–456 (2017).
Nüssing, S. et al. Efficient CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing in uncultured naive mouse T cells for in vivo studies. J. Immunol. 204, 2308–2315 (2020).
Will, B. et al. Satb1 regulates the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells by promoting quiescence and repressing differentiation commitment. Nat. Immunol. 14, 437–445 (2013).
Huang, C. & Qin, D. Role of Lef1 in sustaining self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. J. Genet. Genomics 37, 441–449 (2010).
Chen, Z. et al. In vivo CD8+ T cell CRISPR screening reveals control by Fli1 in infection and cancer. Cell 184, 1262–1280 (2021).
Angelosanto, J. M., Blackburn, S. D., Crawford, A. & Wherry, E. J. Progressive loss of memory T cell potential and commitment to exhaustion during chronic viral infection. J. Virol. 86, 8161–8170 (2012).
Lane, N. & Martin, W. The energetics of genome complexity. Nature 467, 929–934 (2010).
Yuniati, L., Scheijen, B., van der Meer, L. T. & van Leeuwen, F. N. Tumor suppressors BTG1 and BTG2: beyond growth control. J. Cell. Physiol. 234, 5379–5389 (2019).
Venezia, T. A. et al. Molecular signatures of proliferation and quiescence in hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS Biol. 2, e301 (2004).
Milner, J. J. et al. Runx3 programs CD8+ T cell residency in non-lymphoid tissues and tumours. Nature 552, 253 (2017).
Odorizzi, P. M., Pauken, K. E., Paley, M. A., Sharpe, A. & Wherry, E. J. Genetic absence of PD-1 promotes accumulation of terminally differentiated exhausted CD8+ T cells. J. Exp. Med 212, 1125–1137 (2015).
Araki, K. et al. Translation is actively regulated during the differentiation of CD8+ effector T cells. Nat. Immunol. 18, 1046–1057 (2017).
Fellmann, C. et al. An optimized microRNA backbone for effective single-copy RNAi. Cell Rep. 5, 1704–1713 (2013).
Kurachi, M. et al. Optimized retroviral transduction of mouse T cells for in vivo assessment of gene function. Nat. Protoc. 12, 1980–1998 (2017).
Shin, H., Blackburn, S. D., Blattman, J. N. & Wherry, E. J. Viral antigen and extensive division maintain virus-specific CD8+ T cells during chronic infection. J. Exp. Med. 204, 941–949 (2007).
Wherry, E. J., Barber, D. L., Kaech, S. M., Blattman, J. N. & Ahmed, R. Antigen-independent memory CD8+ T cells do not develop during chronic viral infection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 16004-9 (2004).
Yao, C. BACH2 enforces the transcriptional and epigenetic programs of stem-like CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol. 22, 370–380 (2021).
Acknowledgements
We thank members of the laboratory of E.J.W. This work was supported by T32 CA009140 and a Cancer Research Institute-Mark Foundation Fellowship (to J.G.), by the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Stand Up to Cancer and National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants AI155577, AI149680, AI108545, AI082630, DK127768 and CA210944 (to E.J.W.). Work in the Wherry laboratory is supported by the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. S.F.N. was supported by an Australia NHMRC C.J. Martin Fellowship (GNT1111469) and the Mark Foundation Momentum Fellowship. O.K. was supported by an NIAID F30 fellowship (F30AI129263). D.M. was supported through The American Association of Immunologists Intersect Fellowship Program for Computational Scientists and Immunologists. J.E.W. was supported by a PICI Scholar award. Y.J.H. was supported by a National Science Foundation graduate research fellowship. A.C.H. was supported by NIH grant K08-CA230157, the Damon Runyon Clinical Investigator Award, Doris Duke Clinical Scientist Development Award, W. W. Smith Charitable Trust Award, the Tara Miller Foundation and P50 CA174523. The melanoma clinical trial was supported by SPORE grant P50CA261608.
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
E.J.W. is a member of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, which supported the study. E.J.W. is an advisor for Danger Bio, Marengo, Janssen, Pluto Immunotherapeutics, Related Sciences, Rubius Therapeutics, Synthekine and Surface Oncology. E.J.W. is a founder of Surface Oncology, Danger Bio and Arsenal Biosciences. E.J.W. has a patent on the PD-1 pathway. O.K. holds equity in Arsenal Biosciences and is an employee of Orange Grove Bio. A.C.H. is a consultant for Immunai and receives funding from BMS. X.X. is scientific cofounder of CureBiotech and Exio Biosciences. T.M. is on the scientific advisory board for Merck, BMS, OncoSec, GigaGen and Instil Bio. G.C.K. is on the scientific advisory board for Merck and was the principal investigator of an investigator-initiated trial sponsored by Merck.
Peer review
Peer review information
Nature Immunology thanks Fotini Gounari and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: L. A. Dempsey, in collaboration with the Nature Immunology team.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Giles, J.R., Ngiow, S.F., Manne, S. et al. Shared and distinct biological circuits in effector, memory and exhausted CD8+ T cells revealed by temporal single-cell transcriptomics and epigenetics. Nat Immunol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-022-01338-4
Received: 20 March 2022
Accepted: 13 September 2022
Published: 21 October 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-022-01338-4
